<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Legally
Obtaining Rights to Music for Your Film </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Installment
#3 –Copyright Basics</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><br></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">by
Mary Ellen Tomazic</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Verdana, sans-serif" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;"><br></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Music used in films is subject to
federal copyright laws, which allow for exploitation of such rights. Title 17
of the United States Code at section 106, Exclusive rights in copyrighted works<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>,
grants exclusive rights to the creator of the work, such as the right “to
reproduce the work in copies or phonorecords”, and to “prepare derivative works
based on the copyrighted work”.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Specific rights pertaining to sound recordings are found at section 114 ‘Scope
of exclusive rights in sound recordings” which is “…limited to the <span style="color:black">right</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black">to duplicate the sound
recording in the form of phonorecords or copies that directly or indirectly
recapture the actual sounds fixed in the recording.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This is the statutory authority to grant a
mechanical license to reproduce a copyrighted musical composition. ”Cover
versions” or different musical arrangements of compositions, and the statutory
royalties which must be paid for making them are set out in section 115.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Recording a cover version of a song for your movie will involve obtaining a
compulsory mechanical license by giving notice to the copyright holder before
or within thirty days after making, and before distributing any phonorecords of
the work, including digital delivery.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
(For purposes of filmmaking, the `delivery’ would include the song’s recording
and synchronization with the film.) Any person en titled to obtain a compulsory
license may instead negotiate with the copyright owner of the music and agree
on the terms and rates of royalty payments.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
For music that is in the public domain, such as the 19<sup>th</sup> century-era
classical compositions, you may buy the sheet music royalty-free, but the
recordings with full orchestras are under copyright protection, owned by the
individual orchestra. If you have your own orchestral musicians to play the
piece, it will be cheaper than obtaining the copyrighted existing recording
owned by the performing orchestra. However, for phonograph records distributed
before the copyright protection for phonograph records was enacted in 1972,
there is no copyright protection.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Recording artists had to look to state common law for protection against record
piracy under the theory of `unfair competition’. The copyright law at section
301(c) states that “no sound recording fixed before February 15, 1972, shall be
subject to copyright under this title …”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
This would include a phonograph record such as The Cleveland Orchestra
conducted by the late George Szell’s recording of “Beethoven Symphony No.1 in C
Major, and Symphony No.2 in D Major”, a sound recording fixed before February
15, 1972, without copyright protection. It is noted on the back of the album
that the pieces themselves are in the public domain, having been written in 1799
and 1803, respectively.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
As it was recorded before the 1972 change in the copyright law, there is no
notice of copyright for the recording, just the trademark notice for the `Epic’
label logo. These stereo recordings are now part of Sony Classical, and have been
reissued on vinyl by that company.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
I would still not recommend using the pre-1972 recordings of public domain
compositions, as the underlying performances do have copyright protection, and
in any case have mostly been rereleased in other forms after copyright
protection was legislated for phonograph records, as in CD and other versions. A
proof problem may ensue if it becomes necessary to prove which version of the
recording was used.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>For older pieces of music that you may
think are in the public domain, renewal or reversion of copyrights may have
taken place already. Under the renewal right section of the copyright law, 17
U.S.C. § 304, a recent amendment changed the duration of copyright protection
for all copyrights in existence for works published after 1923.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
For works published or registered before 1978 which were registered prior to
the end of the initial 28 year term, giving them another 28 years of copyright
protection, the new law has extended the renewal term for copyrights in
existence on January 1st, 1978 to 67 years for a total of 95 years copyright
protection. If a work was published between 1923 and 1963, the copyright owner
was required to apply for a renewal term with the Copyright Office.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
If they did not, the copyright expired and the work went into the public
domain. If they did apply for renewal, these works will have a 95 year
copyright term and will go into the public domain no sooner than 2018 (for a
1923 work.) If the work was published between 1964 and 1977, it will
automatically have a 95 year copyright term, with no need to apply for a
renewal.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
In addition, copyright holders, or their survivors, who granted the copyright
to another person or company have the right to terminate that grant “…<span style="color:#222222">at any time during a period of five years beginning at
the end of fifty-six years from the date copyright was originally secured, or
beginning on January 1, 1978, whichever is later.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> This gives the relatives
of a deceased author another chance to extract value from copyrighted works,
and does require that notice be filed with the Copyright Office within certain
time limits.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
This provision attempts to correct injustices caused by the signing away of
rights by young authors, musicians and artists for very little money early in
their careers. Any derivative works created from the original copyrighted work
before the expiration of the original term may continue to be used under the
terms of the original grant during the renewed or extended term of copyright
without infringing the original copyright, except that no new derivative works
may be prepared during that renewed and extended term based upon the original
copyright covered by the grant.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> If the heirs of an author
have already terminated the grant of copyright to the work, they can also stop
further exploitation of derivative works based on the original copyrighted
work.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:#222222;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></p>
<div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><br clear="all">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> 17
U.S.C. § 106 (2006).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> 17
U.S.C. § 114(b) (2006).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> 17
U.S.C. § 115 (2006).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> 17
U.S.C. § 115 (b) (2006).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> 17
U.S.C. § 115 (c)(3)(B)</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> Sound
Recording Act of 1971, Pub. L. No. 92-140, 85 Stat. 391 (1971) (codified at 17
U.S.C. § 102.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> 17
U.S.C. § 301(c) (2006).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Beethoven, Symphony No.1 in C Major and Symphony No.2 in D Major, George Szell,
The Cleveland Orchestra (Epic records)</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sony remastered and released Beethoven Symphony No 1 on January 29, 2002 under
its “Sony Classical Essential Classics” label. Few of the monaural recordings of Szell and the
Cleveland Orchestra have been reissued, according to George Szell’s Myspace
page.</p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span>
<span style="color:#222222">Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998,
Pub. L. No. 105-298, 112. Stat. 2827 (1998).</span></p></div><div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11">
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
17 U.S.C. §304 (b) (2005).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
17 U.S.C. §304 (a)(3)(B) (2005).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
17 U.S.C. §304 (c)(3) (2005).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
17 U.S.C. §304 (c)(3) (2005).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
17 U.S.C. §304 (a)(4)(A) (2005). </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indie%20Club%20Article%20%233%20b-%20music%20for%20films%20-%20copyright%20basics.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
17 U.S.C. §304 (c)(6)(A) (2005).</p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; "><br></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; ">Mary Ellen
Tomazic is an attorney in Cleveland specializing in entertainment</span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; "></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px; ">issue such as copyright, trademarks, contracts and
licenses for musical</span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; ">
<span class="apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; ">groups and filmmakers.</span><br style="mso-special-character:
line-break">
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Verdana","sans-serif""></span></p><p></p>
</div></div>