<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Legally
Obtaining Rights to Music for Your Film </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Installment
#4 – Licensing basics and budgeting</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">by
Mary Ellen Tomazic</span></b><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> No
performance license is required for commercial exhibition of motion pictures in
United States theaters; however, a separate performance license is required for
in-theater performances in Europe.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
With the use in a film of an existing recording, record companies may require a
separate license for distribution of the film in a format for home viewing, or
a `home video license’. This may provide for a unit sale royalty to the record
companies and possibly for royalties for each rental of a video disc.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Film producers may attempt to include the rights for DVD or other media formats
for re-release of their film along with the original license so they do not
incur additional licensing fees. If the cost of this additional license is
prohibitively high, or if the copyright holders of the original song refuse
clearance for the re-release, the filmmaker may edit out the affected song upon
re-release in other formats, or replace the original recording with a similar
one. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Since agreements for synchronization
licenses are voluntary and are negotiated based on industry standards, but the
contract language must clearly reflect all the possible uses contemplated by
the parties, whether they are then in existence or not. In the case of Bourne
v. Walt Disney Co.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>,
an assignee of copyrights for musical compositions contained in two animated
motion pictures, “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs” and “Pinocchio” brought an
infringement action against a motion picture and videocassette company, based
on distribution of videocassettes of the motion pictures and use of the
compositions in television commercials. The issue was the scope of the
synchronization license granted by Bourne to Disney in the 1930s when the
movies were first released. The circuit judge held that the term `motion
picture’ in the license was not limited to a particular type of storage media,
and the fact that videocassettes were unknown at the time of the agreement did
not mean they were not contemplated by the parties.<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
The makers of the 1991 film “The Commitments” ran into a similar problem with a
1965 television performance of James Brown on the TAMI Show.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
A 27-second clip of the performance was used in the film, sometimes shown on a
television n the background, sometimes taking up the whole screen. Mr. Brown
argued that his 1964 agreement with the producers of the TAMI show did not
allow use of his performance and likeness in films, film promotions and
videocassettes, but only in connection with distribution of the television show
itself.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
The district court did not agree with this limited interpretation, and held
that the agreement did not prohibit other uses, including other media such as
videocassettes.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Mr. Brown also lost on his California state right of publicity claim, since the
filmmakers had the right to use the clip in the film, they had the right to use
that scene from the film in their promotional activities.<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>With use of any film clips containing
music in your film, remember that an old film clip may be in the public domain,
but the music contained in it may not be. For example, the rights holder of the
film may not have renewed the copyright, but the holders of the rights to the
music used in that clip may have renewed the copyright for an extended number
of years. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Clearance of as many rights as possible
as early as possible is highly recommended, and should be done as early as
possible to ensure that the cost of rights fit within your film’s budget.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Failure to obtain and properly document clearance of all appropriate music
rights may prevent you from securing a distribution deal for the film, and
could lead to lawsuits from the rights holders. <a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Negotiation of all pertinent rights for a
film can be time consuming process, requiring not only a lot of research, but
bargaining and compromising with the rights holders. To make things easier, a
professional third party organization may be used to clear rights to music for
your film. Licensemusic.com is the web’s leading provider of music for film,
TV, advertising and interactive services worldwide. The Music Bridge, LLC is
one company that licenses music to producers for film, TV, radio and various
digital media projects.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Another is PrimaryElements, which offers royalty-free music licensing.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Clearances can be a substantial part of
your film production budget, usually between two and five percent,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
so it is wise to consider the scope of the use of music compositions in your
film.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
In 2008, Jonathan Caouette’s film <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Tarnation,
</i>a documentary about his relationship with his mentally ill mother and
growing up gay in Texas, was screened at the Sundance Film Festival.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> </i>It was shot on a Sony Handicam and
edited<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> </i>using Apple iMovie software.
It cost $218.00 to make, but rights clearances pushed the real budget to
$400,000. Clearing popular songs may be out of your budget, and some rights may
be completely unattainable at any cost. Caouette also had to excise a lot of
material from his film because rights could not be obtained.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The scope of the use, including geographic
extent and duration, and kinds of rights desired (DVD, online, TV, etc) should
also be carefully considered. With the advent of films and television shows
being offered in digital form online and on wireless devices such as
smartphones, IPads, questions about how to compensate copyright holders for
their music in previously released and new films and shows. Television shows in
particular use a lot of needle drops or music cues per episode; HBO shows such
as “The Sopranos” and “Entourage” routinely use 10-12 songs.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Studio contracts are changing to ``all media excluding theatrical’’ (AMXT) for
new films so negotiations don’t have to occur with each new technology
platform. As was evident with home video, not having preclearance to use songs
when the film comes out on DVD has led to replacing songs if they are too
expensive to obtain<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
In addition, many television show contracts are being amended to provide for
rights in perpetuity, instead of the formerly standard five year option. The
exception to that rule is still shows in their first year. Fees can be more or
less depending on the stature of the artist, the length of use, how the
recording is being used. Local or lesser known artists may allow use of their
recordings for a much reduced amount compared to major recording artists and
record companies. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A rights holder also may have a `most
favored nation’ clause, which means that they cannot be paid any less than any
other licensees of music for the film. In that instance, if rights holder A is
being paid $10,000 for his song, and rights holder B signs a contract to be
paid $12,000 for his song, rights holder A with a MFN clause will have to be
paid $12,000 as well. It is therefore helpful to attempt to get all music
licensees to accept uniform compensation, if possible, or you may have to
choose to walk away from the licensee with that kind of clause or break the MFN
clause and pay all the music licensees the higher amount.<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn18" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black">Mary Ellen
Tomazic is an attorney in Cleveland specializing in entertainment</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">issue such as copyright, trademarks, contracts and
licenses for musical</span><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">groups and filmmakers.</span><br style="mso-special-character:
line-break">
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
"Verdana","sans-serif""></span></p>
<div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><br clear="all">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Vincent D. Paragano, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Making Money from
the Airwaves: The Basics of Music Licensing, </i>183-APR N.J. Law. 10 at <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>12 (March/April 1997).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> 68
F.3d 621, U.S.P.Q.2d 1449, 1995 Copr.L.Dec. P 27 at 460 (1995).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> Id.
at 631. </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Brown v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 799 F.Supp 166, 26 U.S.P.Q.2d
1626 (1992).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. at 170.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. at 171.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. at 172.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kimberlee Weatherall, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Fear Factor: Films
and the Copyright Clearance Jungle</i> (September 30, 2005), <a href="http://www.artslaw.com.au/articles/entry/fear-factor-films-and-the-copyright-clearance-jungle/">http://www.artslaw.com.au/articles/entry/fear-factor-films-and-the-copyright-clearance-jungle/</a></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>Copyright
Clearing House, Inc., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">A Guide to Clearing
Music in Audio/Visual Mutimedia Products</i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">, </span>467 PLI/P<span style="font-size:8.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt">AT </span>783 at <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>786 (1997); Joy R. Butler, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Five Good Reasons to Clear Rights Properly
and to Request Permission When Needed,</i> (Jan. 08, 2008), <a href="http://www.guidethroughthelegaljungleblog.com/2008/01/five-good-reaso.html">http://www.guidethroughthelegaljungleblog.com/2008/01/five-good-reaso.html</a>.
See also Part III of this paper on Errors and Omissions insurance.<span style="font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"></span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Themusicbridge.com.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
PrimaryElements.com </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Tamara Krinsky, <u>Notes to play by, a primer on music and independent film</u>,
25 The Independent Film and Video Monthly 35 at 2. (March 1, 2002).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Kimberlee Weatherall, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Fear Factor: Films
and the Copyright Clearance Jungle</i> (September 30, 2005), <a href="http://www.artslaw.com.au/articles/entry/fear-factor-films-and-the-copyright-clearance-jungle/">http://www.artslaw.com.au/articles/entry/fear-factor-films-and-the-copyright-clearance-jungle/</a>.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Melinda Newman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">I Want My Mobile TV, </i>Billboard,
July 8, 2006, at 32.</p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"> </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> Newman,
at 32.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20Article%20%234%20-%20Licensing%20basics%20and%20budgeting.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Krinsky, at p.2.</p>
</div></div>