<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; "><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The concept of “fair use” of copyrighted material has been the most
mythologized of all in copyright law. It comes up in almost every discussion of
copyright, with people asking whether they can use `only a small amount’ of a
musical piece and get away with paying no fees, or claiming they have changed
it to make its use non-actionable. Neither of these notions is true.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The federal copyright law does provide for a
limitation on exclusive rights for certain narrowly defined purposes, and the
statute and case law sets out the factors that courts use to decide whether a
use is infringing. 17 U.S.C. § 107 lists these factors as</span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:23.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:23.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">(<span style="color:black">1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether
such use is of <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:23.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:23.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a
commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;</span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin-left:24.0pt;text-indent:24.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black">(2) the
nature of the copyrighted work;</span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:23.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:23.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black">(3) the
amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:23.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:23.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>copyrighted
work as a whole; and</span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:23.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:23.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black">(4) the
effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the </span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:23.75pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:23.75pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>copyrighted work.<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel"><span style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black">The law then sets out a caveat to these factors in the same
section:</span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>T<span class="apple-style-span">he fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar
a finding of fair</span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>use if such finding is made upon
consideration of all the above factors.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"></span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> </span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Section 107 details the uses that are
considered in a determination of fair use, including “… purposes such as
criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for
classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.”</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> Courts have focused on the factors of the commercial or
non-commercial nature of the work, and the amount and substantiality of the
portion used <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">in relation to the
copyrighted work as a whole</i>. Although the stated purpose of the Copyright
law is to “… promote the progress of science and the useful arts” and courts
have put forth the notion that the arts are “better served by allowing the use
rather than preventing it”, courts have been diligent in protecting artists’
rights in their copyrighted material. A finding of a fair use defense can come
if the use is found to be `transformative’, or different from the original use.
<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The landmark U.S.
Supreme Court case on fair use and parody is Campbell v Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.,
also known as the `Two Live Crew case’.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> The court was called upon to decide whether 2 Live Crew’s parody
of Roy Orbison’s 1964 song “Oh, Pretty Woman” may be a fair use within the
meaning of the Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 107. The band’s management
informed Acuff-Rose that they had written a parody of the song and would afford
all credit for ownership and authorship to Acuff-Rose, Roy Orbison and William
Dees, who wrote the original tune, and were willing to pay a fee for the use
they wished to make of it. Acuff-Rose’s agent refused permission, but 2 Live
Crew nonetheless released records, cassette tapes and compact discs of the
parody song on their 1989 album “As Clean As They Wanna Be.” Almost a year
later, after nearly a quarter of a million copies of the recording had been
sold, Acuff-Rose sued 2 Live Crew and its record company, Luke Skyywalker
Records, for copyright infringement.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> The case held that parody, like other comment and criticism, may
claim fair use. The Court then set out several standards for a parody to be
able to claim the fair use defense. In reversing the Court of Appeals, the
Court ruled that “a work’s commercial nature is only one element of the first
factor enquiry into its purpose and character”, and is not a hard evidentiary
presumption.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> The court stated that the fair use doctrine permits and requires
courts to avoid rigid application of the copyright statute when, on occasion,
it would stifle the very creativity which that law is designed to foster.”</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> The Court went on to say that “although … transformative use is
not absolutely necessary for a finding of fair use, the goal of copyright to
promote science and the arts, is generally furthered by the creation of
transformative works. The more transformative the new work, the less will be
the significance of other factors, like commercialism, that may weigh against a
finding of fair use.”</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> The Court said that the crucial requirement of a parody is that
it comments upon or criticizes the prior work, and in doing so creates a new
and different work. If the commentary has no bearing on the substance or style
of the original composition, but merely is used to get attention or avoid the
drudgery in working up something fresh, the claim to fairness in borrowing from
another’s work diminishes or may even be taken away entirely. The District
Court came to the same conclusion as the Supreme Court, saying that the 2 Live
Crew song was “clearly intended to ridicule the whitebread original” and “reminds
us that sexual congress with nameless streetwalkers is not necessarily the
stuff of romance and is not necessarily without its consequences.”</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> The Court also stated that under the fourth fair use factor, harm
to the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black">, the 2 Live Crew parody version of “Oh Pretty Woman” would not harm
the market for derivative works of the original composition, as the proper
focus of enquiry is the market for rap music, and the plaintiffs had not
presented any evidence that the rap music market was harmed by 2 Live Crew’s
parody rap version. The amount of material taken by the group was found to be
only enough to “conjure up” the original, and that 2 Live Crew, after copying
the original’s first line of lyrics and the opening bass riff, thereafter departed
markedly from the original and produced otherwise distinctive music. The
copying was not excessive in relation to the song’s parodic purpose.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> </span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A finding of fair use with a parody is subject
to interpretation by the fact finder, and judges determine fair use defenses on
a case-by-case basis. Other cases have unpredictably accepted and rejected the
fair use defense for parodies, with some well known examples in movies and
books. The theater poster for the movie “Naked Gun 33 1/3” depicted a photo of
a pregnant woman’s body with the face of Leslie Nielsen’s head superimposed on
it. The picture was designed to replicate identically the famous photo of Demi
Moore that was taken by Annie Leibovitz and appeared on the cover of “Vanity
Fair” magazine. Ms. Leibovitz sued Paramount Pictures for copyright
infringement</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> and lost, with the court finding that the advertisement was
transformative because of the stark contrast between the serious Demi Moore and
the smirking Leslie Nielsen. After acknowledging that it was a close question whether
the advertisement commented on the original, the court ruled that the ad could
reasonably be perceived as commenting, through ridicule, on “the seriousness,
even the pretentiousness”, of the original and therefore did constitute fair
use.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> In another case where the same analytical framework was applied,
the result was the opposite from the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Leibovitz</i>
case. Dr. Seuss Enterprises, L.P. v. Penguin Books USA Inc.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black">, involved an illustrated book about O.J. Simpson’s double murder
trial titled “The Cat Not in the Hat! A Parody by Dr. Juice” which employed
Dr.Seuss’s familiar poetic meter and language as well as the Cat in the Hat character
images. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that the work did
not hold the original book up to ridicule, or otherwise comment upon it, but
merely used Dr. Seuss’s copyrighted material in its retelling of the Simpson
murder highlights to “get attention” and “avoid the drudgery in working up
something fresh.”</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> It is easy to imagine the Ninth Circuit panel that decided Dr.
Seuss rejecting the fair use rationale offered in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Leibovitz</i>, viewing the use of the famous copyrighted image as being
simply “to get attention” while “avoid[ing] the drudgery of working up
something fresh.”</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A case that revolved around the `<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">de minimis</i>’ argument, claiming that a
sample of a musical composition in a film was so small that it was not
actionable by the copyright holder, was Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension
Films.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> In this case, a sample from, the composition and sound recording
“Get Off Your Ass and Jam” by George Clinton Jr. and Funkadelic was used in the
rap song “100 Miles and Runnin” which was included in the soundtrack of the
movie <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">I Got the Hook Up. </i>The movie
company used a two second sample from the guitar solo and `looped’ and extended
it to 16 beats, lasting approximately 7 seconds. The sample appeared in the
“100 Miles” sound recording in five places. The district court’s discussion
centered on a very detailed description of the chord and how it was played, and
stated that the clip was entitled to copyright protection. The music company’s
argument centered around the claim that no substantial similarity or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">de minimis</i> inquiry should be undertaken
at all when the defendant has not disputed that it digitally sampled a
copyrighted sound recording. The appeals court agreed and found for the music
company. The court acknowledged that technological advances have made instances
of sampling extremely common and have spawned a plethora of copyright disputes
and litigation. The court then cited ease of enforcement of copyrighted
sampling, saying “Get a license or do not sample. We do not see this as
stifling creativity in any significant way” while noting that sampling is never
accidental.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> The court also noted that many artists and record companies planning
to use samples have sought licenses as a matter of course.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> The court then set forth a new rule that a sound recording owner
has the exclusive right to `sample’ his own recording.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> Thus, even the smallest piece of copyrighted music must be
cleared with the copyright owner before it is used in a film. Although the
court did not address the parties’ fair use argument, the decision turns on one
of the factors in the fair use determination, the amount and substantiality of
the portion used. </span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Another recent case
that concerns a fair use of music argument is Lennon v. Premise Media Corp.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> which was a documentary film about the theory of intelligent
design. A fifteen second excerpt from John Lennon’s “Imagine” was used
(“Nothing to kill or die for – and no religion too”), an hour and a half into
the movie, during a discussion of religion with the narrator, Ben Stein. Yoko
One and Sean Lennon brought suit to block the use of the clip in the film
“Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed”. The clip was not used in the trailer,
marketing or in other advertising. The use was found `transformative’ because
the movie incorporated the excerpt for purposes of criticism a commentary, and
there was no evidence that it would usurp the market for licensing of the
original song.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> Although the excerpt represented a substantial and memorable part
of the original work, and was instantly recognizable, the use was found not
unreasonable. The court held that allowing the defendant’s use of the clip
would better serve the copyright law’s goal of promoting the progress of
science and the useful arts.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"> </span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel" style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Filmmakers are better
off heeding the court’s admonishment in the Bridgeport case to always get a
license for music used in a film. The fair use defense, even with a
documentary, is usually a tough argument to make, and is best avoided by making
sure all the rights in your film are properly cleared. </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"></span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"> </span></span></p>
<p class="secondlevel"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black">Mary Ellen Tomazic is an
attorney in Cleveland specializing in entertainment</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";color:black"><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">issue such as copyright, trademarks, contracts and
licenses for musical</span><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">groups and filmmakers.</span><br style="mso-special-character:
line-break">
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"></span></p>
<div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><br clear="all">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> 17
U.S.C. § 107 (2005).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
510 U.S. 569, 114 S.Ct. 1164 (1994).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Campbell</i>, at 572. </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Id.</i>, at 581.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Id.</i>, at 574.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Id., </i>at 585, quoting Sony Corp. v.
Universal Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 451.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 972 F.2d 1429 at 1442 (1992). </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
17 U.S.C. §107 (4).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
510 U.S. 569, at 587.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 137 F.3d 109 (2d Cir. 1998).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> 109
F.3d 109 (9<sup>th</sup> Cir. 1997).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Alan R. Friedman, Copyright Fair Use: A Comment On the Parody Defense, 242 NYLJ
No. 74, October 15, 2009. </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
410 F.3d 792, 2005 Fed. App. 0243A, 74 U.S.P.Q.2d 1865 (2005).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. at 801.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn19">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. at 804.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn20">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. at 801. </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn21">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>
555 F.Supp.2d 310 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn22">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Indieclub%20article%20%235%20-%20Fair%20Use%20and%20the%20Parody%20Defense.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. </p>
</div></div>