Trademarks Appearing In Your Film – How to Use Marks Owned by Others – Installment #3 <br>By Mary Ellen Tomazic<br><br><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">IV. Famous Buildings and
Facades</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>The appearance of famous or landmark
buildings and facades in a filmmaker’s shot has caused much consternation and
discussion, not to mention the creation of myths in the filmmaking community.
As with the use of copyrighted music, there is no amount of time associated
with an automatic finding of fair use of the famous building or trademarked
product in another creative project. It comes down to the same type of
guidelines in copyright law, as set out in the previous installment in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">New Kids</i> case. The use cannot be overly
highlighted so as to suggest association or sponsorship of the work by the
trademark holder, should be only enough to identify the authentic product, or
in the case of a building, the location; and it should be in a situation where
there is no other way to refer to the building or landmark other than by its
proper name. The appearance of a famous building in a larger work such as a
film, as opposed to a poster created that used the trademarked façade to sell
posters of that building as such, should be deemed nominative and not an infringement
of the mark. The most well-known example of this difference is in the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc.
v. Gentile Products<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:
Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>,
in which an injunction was issued against a photographer who was selling
posters bearing a photograph had taken of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and
Museum building. The district court found that due to the “extensive
advertising and promotional activities of the Museum and building design
trademarks, the public had come to recognize these trademarks as being
connected with or sold by the Museum, its official licensees and/or official
sponsors.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
The Rock ‘N Roll Hall of Fame case did involve the sale of a poster of the
building alone, in the exact positioning of the logo used by the museum, from
the front of the building. It was seen as cutting into and harming the market
for similar posters of the museum, in the same position, sold by the museum.
The building was used to sell a picture of the actual museum, not as just a
part of the Cleveland skyline, as in a movie. However, the Sixth Circuit Court
of Appeals did not see it the way the museum did. The court remarked that the
building, though distinctive, was not used as a trademark at that time by the
museum, and its existence as a public landmark further undermined its
`fancifulness’ as a trademark.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
The court did not see the design of the building as an indicator of source or
sponsorship, but rather the defendant took a photograph of an accessible,
well-known public landmark.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> It
then held the museum failed to project a consistent image of itself to the
public, further undermining the premise that the museum used the building as a
trademark, and remanded the case back to the district court, where the
injunction was dissolved.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A different twist on the use of famous
buildings and facades came in the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Sherwood
48 Associates v. Sony Corporation of America</i>,<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
which was filed by the owners of Times Square buildings and the lessee of
advertising space on those billboards in 2002 against Sony. The defendants,
makers of the first Spider Man movie, digitally altered the images of the
buildings and billboards to take out their advertisements and replace them with
others for which the moviemakers solicited and received payment. The plaintiffs
claimed that Sony had violated their trademark and trade dress rights, and that
they had been harmed by the loss of advertising revenues. The suit said that
advertisers contract for advertising space at Two Times Square not only as a
result of the prestige ad favorable connotations associated with the building,
but because the images of the building and their sign will be seen by billions
of television viewers, internet users, movie goers, magazine and book readers,
and others during the course of their contract with Sherwood.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sherwood’s complaints included state law claims for trademark infringement as
well as federal counts for trademark infringement and trespass, and alleged
trademark rights in the image of the building, citing its “unique configuration
and ornamentation of Two Times Square and (its) advertising and signage
display”.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
They claimed that the superimposition of the new advertisements over the
contracted signs is likely to cause confusion, deception, and mistake as to the
origin or source of the altered building and/or the advertising and signage
display. The plaintiffs also raised a claim for trademark dilution under the
New York anti-dilution statute.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
The District Judge dismissed both federal and state claims, and Times Square’s
owners appealed; the federal appeals court affirmed the dismissal of the
federal trademark claims, but said they could file their trespass claims in
state court since it was an “unsettled question of state law”. The case was
dismissed before Sony could show that its digital alterations had “artistic
relevance” to the movie and were therefore protected under the First Amendment.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> I
have doubts that this defense would have worked for Sony, since they used the
altered signage in a very commercial way, the same way the plaintiffs who sold
advertising space used their famous building. The use by the moviemaker was not
a nominative one, since they sold their own ads to be seen by millions watching
the movie, and took away the exposure of the existing ads that had already been
paid for to be seen on that building. If Sony was allowed to continue replacing
paid ads, the plaintiff owners were likely to lose revenue since major
corporations would not want to contract with Two Times Square if their ads were
not going to get the amount of exposure that they had contracted for. The
claimed “artistic relevance” to the movie was diminished by the fact that these
ads were NOT actually part of the famous building and could not be seen there
from a public access point, as is the case with nominative uses of famous building
and facades used as trademarks. The case shows the possible harm to mark
holders in a kind of backwards way, since the moviemakers were taking out the
marks and replacing them with their own paid advertisements. It also teaches
that filmmakers will not help themselves to avoid trademark violations by
digitally replacing famous marks on a building, due to the commercial purpose
of trademarks of identifying the source of goods.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A filmmaker may want to do a parody
involving a famous building to avoid infringement claims, but courts have weighed
in on that defense as well. In the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">New
York Stock Exchange v. New York, New York Hotel, LLC,<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
the Stock Exchange sued the hotel and casino for trademark infringement and
trademark dilution when the casino used a replica façade of the New York Stock
Exchange’s building with its actual logo, but changed the wording in the logo
to “New York $lot Exchange” and “NY$E” for signs on its frequent gambler’s
club. The “parody” logo was also used on t-shirts and caps and other souvenirs
given out by the club. The court found the actual registered logo of the New
York Stock Exchange and its “NYSE” abbreviation to be distinctive and eligible
for the Lanham Act’s anti-dilution protection. The District Court did not find
the building itself, a historical landmark, to be inherently distinctive, but
the Circuit Court of Appeals disagreed, finding that the building that housed
the stock exchange, which consists of “a triangular pediment, displaying eleven
bas-relief figures, that is supported by six Corinthian columns and topped by
an attic, (and) also contains the words "New York Stock Exchange" on
the frieze,<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt">was neither generic nor descriptive of a stock
market. The court’s discussion described the layout of the New York, New York
Hotel and casino in Las Vegas, and how it used other famous New York images
were used in a playful way to set the stage for its New York theme. The court
said that it was obvious that the casino was engaged in a parody or humorous
play on words that consumers would not mistake the modified marks for the real
thing.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
The casino actually modified some of the original NYSE marks it has used after
this case was filed to “New York $lot Exchange” and “NY$E” instead of the
actual marks. The Exchange’s New York state claims for dilution and tarnishment
of their trademark, even with the defendant’s argument that casinos are
actually listed on the stock exchange, were sent back to district court for
further proceedings, since the Exchange wanted to preserve a reputation for
integrity and transparency in the trading conducted on its floor.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
The court’s reasoning points out to filmmakers that tarnishment need not be a
seamy or unwholesome use of the mark, and arguments can be made by the mark
owners for the reasons they do not wish to be associated with a particular use
of their mark, ands why such uses may hurt their reputation.</span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Some
moviemakers have successfully used the defense of fair use of copyrighted or
trademarked images, as in the case that came out of the movie “Batman Forever”,
in which copyrighted sculptures on a building were part of the backdrop for the
film. Warner Brothers had obtained permission from the owners of the building
before including it in their film, but the sculptor, Andrew Leicester, who had
designed four sculpted towers on the building, sued the producers of “Batman
Forever” claiming copyright infringement. Since the sculpture became a part of
the building itself, the photographing of the building did not constitute
infringement. The section in the federal copyright law, “Scope of exclusive
rights in architectural works” provides that the copyright in an architectural
work that has been constructed does not include the right to prevent the
making, distributing, or public display of the pictures, paintings, photographs
or other pictorial representations of the work, if the building in which the
work is embodied is located in or ordinarily visible from a public place.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Sometimes a filmmaker’s use buildings with sculptures for backgrounds is
not favored by the courts, as in the case of the bas-relief sculpture by
Frederick E. Hart that adorns the National Cathedral in Washington D.C. The use
by Warner Brothers of a sculpture that substantially resembled Mr. Hart’s in
the movie “The Devil’s Advocate” was seen as infringement. The movie showed the
similar sculpture for twenty minutes of the feature length film, and this
substantial amount of time combined with a part in the film in which the
sculpture seem to move erotically swayed the court toward a finding of
infringement. The case settled out of court and Warner Brothers was able to
distribute the film in the home video market.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Some states have Artist’s Moral Rights laws, which protect the artist from
altered reproductions of their work which may negatively affect the reputation
of the artist. This is the European tradition and has now been incorporated
into United States law under the Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>
and various state moral rights statutes. The laws of this country stop short of
the European versions and only protect the artist’s original works, except in
New York, under the New York Authorship Rights Act, which purports to include a
prohibition against altering, mutilating, defacing or modifying a work of art
or reproduction of thereof.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
However, this law may not be as useful in films, since the copyrighted work
being used as a backdrop is not directly being “displayed, published, or
reproduced as being the work of the artist.” These cases illustrate the
delicate balance between filmmakers and other artists in the use of their work.
The same guidelines for use should be kept in mind when using buildings,
whether they include sculptures or not, as a background for your film, as with
other trademarks. The type of use, whether it is disparaging or negative; the
substantiality of the use, including the amount of time the image is shown; and
whether the use is highlighted as in advertisements or trailers, which may lead
to a presumed association or sponsorship of the film with the famous
trademarked building, makes a difference in whether the use is seen as expressive
and nominative, and thus being seen as non-infringing by the mark holder.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
color:black">Mary Ellen Tomazic is an attorney in Cleveland specializing in
entertainment</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">issue such as copyright, trademarks, contracts and
licenses for musical</span><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">groups and filmmakers.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><div style="mso-element:footnote-list">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt"> 934 F.Supp. 868 (N.D. Ohio 1996).</span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. v. Gentile
Prods., 134 F.3d 749, 754 (6<sup>th</sup> Circuit 1998).</span></p></div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. The case was heard in 1996, which was only a year after the building was
finished, so it did not have much time to serve as trademark.</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> Id
<span style="font-size:9.0pt">at 756. On remand the district court found that
the museum had not used an image of the museum as a trademark, and granted
defendant’s motion for summary judgment. 71 F.Supp.2d 755 (N.D. Oh. 1999).</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">76 Fed. Appx. 389, 2003 U.S.App. LEXIS 20106 (2d Cir.
2003).</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">Complaint, Sherwood 48 Associates v. Sony Corporation
of America, 02 CV 2746 (April 9, 2002), ¶ 23.</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. <span style="font-size:9.0pt">¶ 50.</span></p>
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"> <a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. <span style="font-size:9.0pt">¶ 74-77; NY General Business Law §360-1.</span></p></div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
Sherwood 48 Associates v. Sony Corp., <span style="font-size:9.0pt">76 Fed.
Appx. 389, 2003 U.S.App. LEXIS 20106 (2d Cir. 2003).</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">69 F.Supp.2d 479, 494 (S.D.N.Y.1999); affirmed and
reversed in part, 293 F.3d 550 (2d Cir. 2002).</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">293 F.3d 550 (2d Cir. 2002).</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> Id.
</p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. </p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">17 U.S.C. § 120 (2010).</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">Larry Witham, Sculptor Backed on `Advocate’ Lawsuit,
WASHINGTON TIMES, Feb. 11, 1998, at A8; see also John T. Aquino, IP Issues
Concerning Art and the Movies, 6 NO. 1 INTELL. PROP. STRATEGIST 1 (1999).</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">17 U.S.C. § 106A.</span></p>
</div>
<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%233.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">N.Y. Art. & Cult. Aff. Law § 14.03 (1), (2).</span></p>
</div></div>