<p class="MsoNormal"><br></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">V. Set Dressing and Product
Placement</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">        </span>Filmmakers have not only the
macro-considerations of famous buildings and facades in their movies, but also
the micro-considerations of copyrighted or trademarked items or images in their
shots. Each frame must be scrutinized to make sure all clearances are completed
for parts of the set dressing that may be the subject of a copyright or
trademark. Even scenes or items visible on a television in a room are possible
infringements if the rights holder sees or is made aware of the appearance in a
film of his or her intellectual property. Although the quality of the shot
makes a difference, whether the item is out of full focus in the background or
is shown for a very limited time, there is still the chance of liability for
the filmmaker. Several infringement cases have been decided against the
filmmakers in instances of set dressing, some filed only because the rights
holder was not consulted nor given credit in the movie for the creations used. In
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Ringgold v. Black Entertainment
Television, Inc., Home Box Office, Inc.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>,
an artist created a work of art entitled “Church Picnic Story Quilt” which
depicted aspects of the Africa-American experience in the 1900s. Ms. Ringgold
had sold the original quilt to a church in Georgia, but retained the copyright
to the work. The church put it on display and created posters of the quilt
which were sold in its gift shop for $20.00 each under a non-exclusive license;
thousands of copies of the poster have been sold since 1988. The artist was
watching the ROC television show on the BET network and saw a poster of her
creation in the background of a church. The show was originally aired on a
broadcast television network in 1992, and in October 1994 BET aired the show
for the first time on cable television. Ms. Ringgold happened to watch a repeat
showing of the episode and at that time became aware of the defendants’ use of
the poster as part of the set decoration.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> Ms.
Ringgold sued the defendants for the unauthorized use of the poster as part of
the set decoration for the episode of “ROC” under federal copyright law<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>,
and also alleged common law unfair competition and a violation of New York’s
statute protecting artistic</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt">authorship
rights.</span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt">The lower court in the Southern District of New York
found for the producers of the show, saying that the use was “incidental and
reasonable” and fell within fair use. The plaintiff’s claims for unfair
competition were dismissed as being preempted by the Copyright Act, and
declined to exercise jurisdiction over her state law claims. On appeal, the
Second Circuit reversed the lower court, holding that the producer’s use of the
poster did not fall within the fair use standard under federal copyright laws. Although
the poster is never referred to by the actors and is in the background of the
main action, and is only shown for a total of twenty-seven seconds in nine
shots, the use was not “de minimis” or insignificant. The poster was not in
perfect focus, but is plainly observable by the audience. The Second Circuit
court refers to a regulation issued by the Librarian of Congress providing for
royalties to be paid by public broadcasting entities for the use of published
pictorial and visual works.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> The
Librarian distinguishes between a “featured” and a “background” display,
setting a higher royalty rate for the former.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
The court then remarks: </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.4in;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:.4in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">“… the Librarian has defined a "featured"
display as "a full-screen or substantially full screen display </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; ">for more
than three seconds," id. § 253.8(b)(2), and a "background"
display as "[a]ny display less </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; ">than
full-screen or substantially full-screen, or full-screen for three seconds or
less," id. If defendants' program were to be </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; ">shown on public television,
plaintiff would appear to be entitled to a "background" license fee
for a "less than full-screen" display.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0in;margin-right:.4in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.4in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">        </span>The poster was visible several times for
four to five seconds, both in focus and out of focus, and the court held that
such repetitive effect of the multiple views of the image reinforces the
visibly significant aspect of decoration that the poster contributed to the
set. The de minimis threshold for actionable copying had been crossed, and the
Court remanded the case to the District Court for assessment by the fact finder
of the four fair use factors in section 107 of the federal Copyright Act.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> The
court also said that the lower court should give consideration to the
plaintiff’s claim under the New York Artists’ Authorship Rights Act<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>,
which stated that the defendants violated her statutory rights because they did
not credit her as the creator of the story quilt. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">        </span>In light of Ms. Ringgold’s state claim,
one has to wonder whether she would have sued at all if she had been given
proper credit by the producers of the television show. The case is very
instructive for filmmakers because it sets out the boundaries of non-actionable
use of a copyrighted item in set decoration, and also provides a strong
incentive to ask permission of a rights holder and give credit for the use of
his or her creation in a film.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">   </span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">  </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">     </span>The amount and substantiality of use of
copyrighted photographs as a set decoration figured in a different result in
the case of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Sandoval v. New Line Cinema
Corp.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>
New Line Cinema used reproductions of ten copyrighted but never published photographs
taken by Jorge Antonio Sandoval in background shots for the film “Seven”. The
photographs only appeared in the film for short lengths of time ranging from
one to six seconds per shot, in a scene that lasted only one and a half minutes
and was an hour and sixteen minutes into the film that was 123 minutes in total
length.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a> The
photographs were often obstructed from view by the actors and props in the scene.</span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">The lower court dismissed
Sandoval’s copyright infringement action and relied heavily on the analysis
employed in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Ringgold v. Black
Entertainment Television, Inc.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>,
examining the four factors used in determining fair use: 10 the purpose and
character of the use; 2) the nature of the copyrighted work; 3) the amount and
substantiality of the portion used; and 4) the effect upon the potential market
for the copyrighted photographs.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
The District Court decided to dismiss the case without first deciding whether
the use was “de minimis”, but the Circuit Court held that the use of the
photographs in the movie was de minimis as a matter of law and affirmed the
lower court’s judgment. Unlike in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Ringgold</i>,
the court found that the copying of the photographs “fell below the quantitative
threshold of substantial similarity”, because the photos were not “clearly
visible” as the artwork was in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Ringgold</i>.
The reproductions of Mr. Sandoval’s photographs as used in the movie were not
displayed with sufficient detail for the average lay observer to identify even
the subject matter of the photographs, much less the style used in creating
them.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> Although
the plaintiff Sandoval claimed that the defendant film company violated his
right to publicly display his photographs under the Copyright Act, but the
lower court said that the photographs could not constitute a “public display”
because they are not recognizable to the public.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
Under the requirements of the fourth factor in determining fair use, the court
stated that “ …the value of and market potential for his work is in no way
usurped, since the public is not even aware after viewing <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Seven</i> that they have had a glimpse of Sandoval’s work.”<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a> As
the use was deemed de minimis, no action for copyright infringement can be
brought, and the issue of fair use was not necessary to determine. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Sandoval</i> case was described as the first
to establish the de minimis doctrine as a full defense to the unauthorized use
of graphic works in motion pictures and television.<a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> In
an earlier case in which a movie company used a copyrighted artwork fashioned
into a mobile for a baby’s crib in a film, the District Court in New York found
that the limited view given in the movie to the mobile did not constitute a “copy”
for purposes of a copyright infringement action.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">        </span>Although these three cases involved
using copyrighted artworks to dress a movie set, filmmakers would do well to
examine their facts in deciding on props to be used in their own movies. It is
not unheard of in the annals of filmmaking to see a prop or part of a set being
elevated to a symbol for the movie itself. This could elevate the prop into
trademark status, as merchandising of objects from the film ensues. If the prop
turns into a trademark identifying the film itself, a Lanham Act<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
suit could be brought by the creator of the prop if it is a copyrighted work
such as a sculpture or photograph. Remember, the Lanham Act is intended to prevent
consumer confusion as to the source of goods, and the artist could be using or
intending to use the artwork as a trademark for his or her goods. Lanham Act also
governs unfair competition and trademark dilution or tarnishment<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>,
and a prop used in a film in a certain way could leave the filmmaker open to a
lawsuit.<a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> Copyright
and trademark rights are often overlapping and often both causes of action, in
addition to </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black">doctrines of privacy and publicity and
state laws protecting artist’s right</span>s, should be considered in the
context of clearing rights for items used in your film. </span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">        
</span>Product placement is sometimes seen as a panacea for filmmakers, a way
to make extra money from their film or to raise funds for the production. Conceivably
you can charge a trademark holder for the privilege of being selected for use in
your film, but often the company holding the rights to the product does not
desire an association with a smaller film. There have been films financed by a
non-film company so that their products are featured prominently. This has
already happened – Adidas bankrolled a movie entitled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:
normal">Goal! The Dream Begins </i>which was about a Mexican-American boy who
follows his dream to play professional soccer in Europe. Of course, all the products
in the film were made by Adidas, and the real soccer teams featured in the film
were sponsored by Adidas in real life.</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:
ftn22" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
color:black"> The movie did not do that well at the Box Office, but a large
company like Adidas probably used the film as a part of its advertising
campaign, not expecting to recoup the money spent. The goal of Adidas was not
to advance or support the creativity of the film, but just to sell its
products. Filmmakers and the creative people who work with them on a movie may
not want to turn their vision of a film into a mere commercial for a company who
is willing to fund it. The issue of artistic control of such a commercialized
movie may cause a filmmaker to think twice about giving up its creative ideas
in favor of showing the product paying for the film. With a big budget movie,
there are usually specific requirements for product placement such as use of
the product and screen time, which are negotiated in advance. Ten seconds of
screen time is a common minimum requirement, and the value received by the
filmmaker is directly related to the screen time. Favorable lines from a lead
actor are also valuable. A large studio will probably have as staff person to
help obtain product placements. There are also companies who help independent
filmmakers obtain product placement deals. Good Unit Production Managers maintain
a list of product placement companies, such as International Promotions (<a href="http://www.productplacements.com/">www.productplacements.com</a>) and Hollywood
Product Placement (<a href="http://www.hollywoodproductplacement.com/">www.hollywoodproductplacement.com</a>).</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:
AR-SA">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
color:black"> However, the owners of a famous mark or product probably would
not be as receptive to allowing its use in a small independent film, much less
pay for prominent placement. More likely a trademark holder would not want to
share its goodwill and reputation by allowing the indie film to “piggyback”
onto it with product placement, especially in the advertising or trailers for
the film. There has been special concern recently with the YouTube appearance
of trademarks; large media companies routinely demand the removal of clips from
shows, and there is double trouble if the material uploaded to YouTube contains
copyrights or trademarks that a holder may object to. For independent films,
product placement could take the form of the company supplying food or drinks
for the cast and crew, if the actors drink the brand on screen, or the filming
takes place in their establishment. Some entrepreneurs may want to have their
product featured in a film, no matter how small the audience; a local filmmaker
may want to help out a local concern by featuring its product, which may be a
good deal for all involved. Realistic expectations and achievable goals are the
best bet for an independent filmmaker contemplating the use of product
placement. Matching the size and reach of your film to a similarly situated
product will be the key to a good relationship. Perhaps a fledgling firm just
launching its product would like to help out a smaller film that has a subject
matter that fits its target audience. In turn, a filmmaker may want to
associate its film with that target audience by featuring or placing the firm’s
product or service in its film. The larger film may not reach the target
audience of a product as well as a smaller film more focused on a certain niche
audience. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
color:black"> </span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
color:black"> </span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
color:black">Mary Ellen Tomazic is an attorney in Cleveland specializing in
entertainment</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black"><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">issue such as copyright, trademarks, contracts and
licenses for musical</span><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">groups and filmmakers.</span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>

<div style="mso-element:footnote-list"><br clear="all">

<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">



<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">40 USPQ 2d 1299 (SDNY 1996) </span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn2" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Ringgold v.
Black Entertainment Television, Inc. Home Box Office, Inc</span></i>., <span style="font-size:9.0pt">126 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 1997).</span></p></div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn3">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn3" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">17 U.S.C. § 106 (1994).</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn4">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn4" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> N<span style="font-size:9.0pt">.Y. Arts & Cult. Aff. Law § 14.03 (McKinney Supp.
1995).</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn5">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn5" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt"> 37 C.F.R. § 253.8 (1996) (implementing 17 U.S.C.
118(b)).</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn6">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn6" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt"> Id. § 253.8(b)(1)(i)(A), (B).</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn7">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn7" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">126 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 1997).</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn8">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn8" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">17 U.S.C. § 107.</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn9">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn9" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. footnote 60. </p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn10">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn10" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">973 F.Supp. 409 (S.D.N.Y. 1997); affirmed 147 F.3d 215
(2d Cir. 1998).</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn11">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn11" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt"> Internet Movie Database:
<http:<a href="http://imdb.com/Title?0114369">imdb.com/Title?0114369</a>>.</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn12">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn12" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. fn. 58.</p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn13">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn13" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> <span class="apple-style-span"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Sandoval v. New Line Cinema Corp</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">., 973 F.Supp.
409, 412-414 (S.D.N.Y.1997).</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"></span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn14">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn14" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Sandoval. New
Line Cinema Corp</span></i><span style="font-size:9.0pt">., 147 F.3d 215 (2d
Cir. 1998).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"></i></span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn15">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn15" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[15]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">973 F. Supp 409, 412 (S.D.N.Y 1997).</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn16">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn16" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>
Id. at 414.</p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn17">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn17" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">Website of Pryor Cashman LLP, Attorneys at Law, <a href="http://www.pryorcashman.com/f-39.html">http://www.pryorcashman.com/f-39.html</a></span></p>


</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn18">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn18" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[18]</span></span></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Amsinck v.
Columbia Pictures Industry, Inc.</span></i><span style="font-size:9.0pt">, 826
F. Supp. 1044 (S.D.N.Y. 1994). </span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn19">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn19" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[19]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">15 U.S.C. § 1125.</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn20">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn20" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt"> 15 U.S.C. § 1114.</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn21">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn21" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[21]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">See, e.g.</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt">Wham-O v. Paramount Pictures Corp.,</span></i><span style="font-size:9.0pt"> 286 F.Supp.2d 1254 (N.D. Cal. 2003).</span></p>


</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn22">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn22" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:
footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[22]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">M<span style="font-variant:small-caps">ichael</span> C.
D<span style="font-variant:small-caps">onaldson</span>, <span style="font-variant:
small-caps">Clearance and</span> C<span style="font-variant:small-caps">opyright</span>
265 (3d Edition, Silman-James Press 2008).</span></p>

</div>

<div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn23">

<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn23" href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Trademarks%20%20In%20Films%20-%20Installment%20%234.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:
9.0pt"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:9.0pt"> Id. at 266.</span></p>

</div></div>