<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I. Basics of LLCs</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>Independent filmmakers are busy people and
often wear many hats. The producer of an independent film is often the person
organizing the numerous tasks and people doing them to put a film together. To
make sure he is not the one holding the bag for everything at the end of the production,
the filmmaker needs a business organization that spells out who does what, who
is responsible for paying for things, how those people are to work together,
and under what circumstances they are to break up. The creative rush of working
on a film sometimes has the effect of putting the business organization on the
back burner, but this can have dire consequences. Like any group of people
forming to do business, a film should have a formal business form, or the
principals will be liable for all the debts of the project personally. If there
is no business form registered, the participants will be treated and taxed as a
partnership, with each partner liable for his or her divided share of the
debts. A single person making a film will be treated and taxed as a sole
proprietor, and will report film income and debts as his own, on his personal
income tax form. The organization form which is the easiest and most suited for
a film production involving a group of people is the Limited Liability Company,
or LLC governed in Ohio by Ohio Revised Code Chapter 1705.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span> </span>An LLC can consist of a single owner or many
members; it can be managed by the members themselves, or by an outside managing
company that is not part of the LLC. This is all spelled out in the LLC’s
operating agreement, the part of the Articles of Organization<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
which sets out not only the people who will be members of the LLC and what
their role will be, but the contributions they will make to the company. It is
essential to detail every aspect of the company and how it will be run in the
operating agreement. This will help to avoid the necessity of the disagreeing
members hashing out what they meant in a court setting, which can be very
expensive. There are several helpful checklists in Blackford Business Organizations
on Limited Liability Companies which will make sure the owner(s) do all that is
required by law in the formation of the company. It sets out mandatory
provisions of the Articles of Organization, such as the name of the company; its
purpose; its duration, unless it is to be perpetual; its address, and statutory
agent.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> A
film LLC may be formed for the production of a single film, and thus may have a
limited duration with more detailed provisions in the event of the termination
of the company. An LLC formed by a group of members to produce a number of
films may have a perpetual duration and have more detailed rules for allocating
profits and losses from the operation. One caveat for the formation of multiple
LLCs for individual movies is that the companies must remain separate, with
separate offices, bank accounts, recordkeeping, and expenditures. Any
commingling of funds between multiple LLCs with the same or similar members may
result in the voiding of the business form as a `sham’ or `shell’ company,
which may allow creditors to go after the assets of the solvent LLC or even the
alter ego of the company, the principal members. It may be tempting to share
funds between solvent and insolvent films if one movie produced by the same
group of people makes money and another does not, but in exchange for limiting
the liability of the principals for debts of the company, strict recordkeeping and
separate books are required to use the LLC form. If the company is sued for a
personal injury or contract breach, the principals may end up being liable to
the injured party if there is no real evidence that the LLC form has been
complied with. To avoid being sued, the members or principals of an LLC comprising
the film production itself should make sure all contracts with the
participants, vendors, licensors and members are solid, clear, and not capable
of being interpreted more than one way. Address all issues – make sure there
are provisions for enforcement, recordkeeping and auditing. The contract
elements of offer, acceptance, and consideration (some value or benefit given) should
be clear in your releases for performers and crew. All the intellectual property
used in your film (sounds and images) should be licensed or permission obtained
for their use from the copyright or trademark holders. Copyright clearinghouses
and music licensing companies and websites can be utilized to help with the
clearances. This allows the filmmaker to obtain distribution and errors and
omissions insurance as well.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span>Also, possible tax liens and penalties could
accrue if the LLC does not pay employment or other taxes incurred by the
company’s activities. If there are employees paid salaries or wages, the
filmmaker must deduct employment taxes, social security and disability
insurance from their pay. The Screen Actors Guild contracts require such deductions,
as well as payments to the <span> </span>SAG-Producers
Pension and Health Plans.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span> </span></span>Another
checklist gives provisions that could be included in the Operating Agreement,
but are not mandatory, such as management form; rights to transfer membership
interests, allocation of profits, losses, gain and credits; voting
requirements; dispute resolution procedures; specification of events that will
cause dissolution of the company;<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
adoption of compliance, sexual harassment, non-discrimination and other
policies, and a code of ethics; setting up of bank accounts; compensation
plans; and what is to be done when a member dies or becomes incompetent.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span>Records of
the stated contributions are required to be kept by the company<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
and are usually provided in an attachment to the Operating Agreement. Each
member’s contribution may be either in cash, property, services rendered, a
promissory note, or any other binding obligation to contribute cash or property
or to perform services; by providing any other benefit to the limited liability
company; or by any combination of these.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> A
promise by a member to contribute to the limited liability company is not
enforceable unless it is in writing signed by the member.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
After promising to contribute to the LLC, the member is liable for that
contribution even if the member is unable to perform the promise because of
death, disability, or other reason. If the member is unable to contribute the
promised property or services, the LLC has the option of compelling the member
to contribute the cash value equal to the portion of the stated value of the
contribution the member has failed to make.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
Provisions about the contributions of members can include buy and sell
arrangements and self-dealing rules for the members; establishment of a capital
account for each member, and the method of accounting to be used to determine
additions or subtractions from the capital account; and determination of the
fair market value by members or managers if property other than cash is
received.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a> The
LLC also has other rights under Ohio law against the member who has failed to
contribute what he promised to the LLC. However, by the consent of all the
members, the failure of a member to make a promised contribution or to return
money or other property paid or distributed in violation of the LLC laws may be
compromised, unless otherwise stated in the operating agreement.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a> Filmmakers
are creative people, who gather together with other friends and artists to make
a movie, but things can get decidedly unfriendly if the duties and
responsibilities of each participant are not spelled out. Filmmaking can be an
expensive proposition, and even a small independent film can easily cost
upwards of $100,000. The least amount of production expenditures spent in Ohio
that will qualify the producers for the Ohio Film Tax Credit consideration is
$300,000.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
Rather than subjecting your house or other property to a lien for a film debt,
a filmmaker should take the time to comply with the statutory and practical
requirements of the Limited Liability Company form. It will be well worth it in
the long run in making sure that debts or even the splitting of profits do not
become an unnecessary concern.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black">Mary Ellen Tomazic is an attorney in Cleveland specializing in
entertainment</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
color:black"><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">issue such as copyright, trademarks, contracts and
licenses for musical</span><br>
<span class="apple-style-span">groups and filmmakers.</span><br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span></p>
<div><br clear="all">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%">
<div id="ftn1">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ohio Revised Code 1705.01 – 1705.61 , Lawriter Ohio Laws and Rules,
<a href="http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/17">codes.ohio.gov/orc/17</a> </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
O.R.C. 1705.04. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-variant:small-caps">Jason
C. Blackford,</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt"> B<span style="font-variant:small-caps">aldwin’s Ohio Practice, Blackford Business
Organizations 1, Ch. 14 (W</span>est<span style="font-variant:small-caps">
2009).</span></span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
See Tomazic, Legally Obtaining Rights to Music for Your Film, Parts I & III
(2011) <i>available at </i><a href="http://www.reelgrok.com/">www.reelgrok.com</a>, <a href="http://www.reeltvnetwork.com/">www.reeltvnetwork.com</a>) or from the
Author. <span> </span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Screen Actors Guild Basic Agreement 34, 34 (2005).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
O.R.C. 1705.43(<span style="text-transform:uppercase">A)(2).</span></p>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
Blackford, <i>supra</i> note 6.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
O.R.C. 1705.28.</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
O.R.C. 1705.09(A).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
O.R.C. 1705.09(B).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
O.R.C. 1705.09(C).</p>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
Blackford <i>supra </i>note 6. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
O.R.C. 1705.09(D)</p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Maryellen/Documents/Limited%20Liability%20Companies%20for%20Filmmaking.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> O.R.C.
122.85 (C)(1)(b)</p></div></div>